Culture Follows Structure

19 Jun 2026

Structural change must come before cultural change in patient safety.

Professor Ted Baker, Chair of the Health Services Safety Investigations Body (HSSIB) and the Independent Advisory Group for the HQIP-hosted Medical & Surgical Clinical Outcome Review Programme, is a key speaker during Clinical Audit Awareness Week 2026; featuring in the Data-Informed Improvement: From Insight to Impact morning webinar on Friday 26th June 2026. In this article, he explains more about his presentation, and the lessons that can be learned from regulatory and safety bodies in using audit data for improvement.

The exhortation problem

Read the recommendations of any major patient safety inquiry of the past thirty years and you will find, somewhere near the end, a call for cultural change. Each was followed by initiatives, frameworks, leadership programmes and organisational pledges to improve. And in each case, the same cultural failures have recurred, sometimes within the same organisations.

This is not because those leading the initiatives were wrong or lacking in commitment. It is because culture cannot be changed by telling people to change. Culture is an emergent property of the structural conditions in which people work. Change those conditions and culture tends to follow. Leave them intact and culture reverts, regardless of how many training days, values statements or staff engagement programmes are deployed. Healthcare has spent the better part of three decades trying to change culture by exhortation while leaving the structural conditions that produce bad culture largely intact. The result is a system that generates the same inquiries, produces the same recommendations, and regularly experiences the same failures.

Structural conditions

By structural conditions, I mean something specific, the formal systems, accountabilities, processes and incentives within which clinical work takes place, who is responsible for what, how risks are identified and managed, how learning is protected and shared, and what behaviours the organisation rewards or sanctions in practice rather than in theory.

During my time as Chief Inspector of Hospitals at the CQC, I visited hundreds of NHS organisations. The ones with the strongest safety cultures were not the ones with the most impressive values statements. They were the ones where accountability was clear, where risk was actively managed rather than defensively reported, where leaders asked hard questions rather than sought reassurance, and where staff genuinely believed that raising a concern would make a difference. Those are structural features, the conditions from which a genuine learning culture can grow.

Where those conditions are absent, the culture of silence and self-protection is not a failure of values. It is a rational adaptation to the environment. Staff are not telling us something about their character when they stay quiet. They are telling us something about the system they are working in.

What other industries learned

Aviation, nuclear power and rail achieved transformative reductions in harm by building safety management into the formal structure of how organisations operate, and making those structures a regulatory requirement. A safety management system has four elements. Safety policy establishes clear organisational intent with named accountabilities at the most senior level. Risk management proactively identifies hazards and implements controls before harm occurs. Safety assurance checks that those controls are working honestly, not to produce comforting dashboards but to surface genuine risk. Safety promotion creates the culture of learning, honest reporting and continuous improvement.

You cannot promote a culture of learning if risk management is not honestly identifying what needs to be learned from. You cannot promote a culture of candour if safety policy is vague about who is responsible when things go wrong. In aviation, a safety management system is a regulatory requirement without which an airline cannot operate.

The healthcare gap

Healthcare lacks an equivalent mandate, and the consequences are specific and observable. Accountability is unclear. When harm occurs, the system struggles to identify whether it was a policy failure, a risk management failure, an assurance failure or a cultural failure, because these functions are not clearly defined or owned. The result is the familiar pattern, inquiry, recommendations, partial implementation, and recurrence. Each inquiry attributes the failure, at least in part, to culture. None can fully explain why the structural conditions that produce that culture persist.

Quality improvement and safety management are treated as separate activities. In many NHS organisations, QI sits in one directorate, clinical governance in another, risk management in a third. The feedback that would allow learning from one function to inform another is weak or absent. National audit findings sit in HQIP programme reports. Investigation findings sit in HSSIB reports. Incident data sits in local risk management systems. Nobody is consistently joining the dots.

The implications for clinical audit are clear. Audit is, in SMS terms, a safety assurance function, but assurance in its fullest sense, not the production of evidence that things are as they should be, but the active search for evidence that they are not. A compliance-driven reading of audit asks whether care meets a standard. A learning-driven reading asks what the data reveals about where risk lies and where practice needs to change. Audit findings are only useful if organisations approach them in that second spirit, and if those findings flow into a risk management process with the accountability to act on them.

Where those connections are absent, audit will often produce insight without impact. The data improves; the practice does not.

Safety promotion is being asked to do the work the other three SMS elements should be doing. Staff are told to speak up, but risk management systems do not consistently act on what they say. Duty of candour is mandated, but the protected learning environments that make candour possible are not structurally secured. Freedom to Speak Up Guardians are appointed, but the conditions that determine whether speaking up is genuinely safe remain unaddressed.

Transparency of outcomes has been pursued vigorously for twenty-five years, and with genuine results. But transparency without safe space produces disclosure without understanding. When organisations believe that poor data may trigger regulatory consequence, the rational response is to manage the data rather than engage honestly with what it reveals. Outlier signals are explained away. Accounts of what happened become performances designed to satisfy scrutiny rather than honest descriptions designed to generate learning. The structural protections that make honest disclosure possible, including the statutory safe space under which HSSIB investigations operate, are not a soft cultural indulgence. They are a precondition for the truthful accounting that a functioning SMS depends on.

What a safety management system in healthcare would look like

HSSIB has recommended a national initiative to develop safety management systems in healthcare as a regulatory requirement. The Dash review recommended developing a quality and safety management system. These commitments need to be made concrete. A healthcare SMS does not require inventing new concepts, the four elements map directly onto activities NHS organisations are already expected to perform. What is needed is coherent connection between those activities, with clear accountability for each element.

Safety policy means named board-level accountability for safety and policies specifying what will happen when responsibilities are not met. Not a framework to aspire to, but an expectation to be held to.

Risk management means proactive identification of safety risks, drawing on all available intelligence, audit data, investigation findings, incident reports, staff concerns, near-miss analysis. This is where national audit programmes belong, not just as benchmarking exercises, but as a source of risk intelligence. An organisation that receives an alert-level outlier notification should connect it to its risk register as part of its SMS.

Safety assurance means genuine scrutiny that surfaces risk, not comfort-seeking assurance for boards and regulators. The alert and alarm distinction in audit outlier analysis belongs here. Alert-level signals belong in a protected learning space. local inquiry, honest discussion, improvement action, no immediate external sanction. Alarm-level signals belong in the formal accountability space. Using the same mechanism for both purposes destroys the learning function. As Onora O’Neill argued in her work on intelligent accountability, systems built on disclosure requirements rather than genuine communication produce organisations that appear fully accountable without being genuinely understood. Audit data is only as useful as the culture in which it is received, and that culture depends on whether organisations believe the purpose is to support learning or to trigger sanction.

Safety promotion is the cultural element the other three make possible. Protected learning environments and statutory safe space, of the kind HSSIB operates, allow honest accounts of failure to be given without fear, not merely for staff wellbeing but for the integrity of the information the system depends on. Transparency of outcomes is necessary and valuable; but without a genuine learning space it produces reassurance rather than understanding, disclosure rather than insight.

Co-development of recommendations with intended recipients ensures learning produces actionable change rather than compliance obligations. A national recommendations repository, connecting audit, investigation and incident analysis, ensures learning is shared across the system rather than siloed.

An SMS is not a checklist of separate activities. It is a system in which each element supports the others. Remove any element, or leave the connections weak, and the system defaults to performance rather than learning.

What is needed

The NHS’s growing commitment to quality and safety management systems is welcome. The question is whether it will be backed by the structural mandate that makes it real, or whether it will become another framework sitting alongside the many others that already exist, adopted voluntarily by some organisations and ignored by others.

Real structural change means defined SMS elements mandated across the NHS with clear board-level accountability for each; CQC’s regulatory framework mapped to those elements so that external assurance and internal safety management reinforce rather than duplicate each other; and protected learning environments, backed by statute where necessary, so that the honest accounts on which genuine learning depends can actually be given.

What has been absent is the will to mandate the structure rather than merely encourage the culture. Culture needs a helping hand. The hand it needs is structural. The moment to build that structure, with a national plan committed to it and a regulatory framework that could embed it, is now.

Clinical Audit Awareness week, hosted by the Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership, HQIP, runs from 22-26 June 2026 this year – FIND OUT MORE: www.hqip.org.uk/caaw26

Mapping dementia care: from variation to evidence-informed improvement

11 Jun 2026

As the HQIP-commissioned National Audit of Dementia (NAD) releases its latest report on dementia care, Associate Director James Campbell, examines how its insights – and the work of the audit more generally – provides an important opportunity to improve care, patient experience and safety.

The number of people living with dementia in the UK is estimated to be almost 1 million, with projections indicating that it could rise to 1.4 million by 2040*. For people living with dementia, the journey through health and care services is rarely straightforward. From first concerns about memory, through diagnosis, to care in hospital and beyond, multiple services are involved, and the way they connect can vary significantly.

The latest service mapping work from the National Audit of Dementia (NAD) – which is run by the Royal College of Psychiatrists and managed by HQIP on behalf of NHS England and others- offers an important new perspective on this pathway. By examining how dementia diagnostic services are organised and delivered across England and Wales, it highlights not just where variation exists, but where improvement is most needed.

What service mapping reveals

The NAD service mapping exercise set out to understand how dementia diagnostic services are structured across the system, capturing how patients move between primary care, memory services, specialist assessment and follow‑up support. What emerges is a complex and highly variable landscape. The route to diagnosis is not consistent and the availability of investigations, treatment and support also varies between services. This variation is not simply organisational detail. It has real consequences for patients and carers:

How quickly someone receives a diagnosis
What support they receive afterwards
Whether their care feels joined up or fragmented.

Mapping these pathways is therefore an essential first step in improvement. It allows the system to move from anecdote to evidence, identifying where differences are unwarranted. Dr Charlotte Deasy, Clinical Lead at NAD, expands on the value of audit in improving care further: “By measuring what is happening, we can advocate for improvement through service level, system-wide and policy changes.”

This presents a system that understands the goal, but where delivery remains uneven

These NAD findings are reinforced by earlier work on Memory Assessment Services (MAS). The MAS spotlight audit showed that:

Waiting times for diagnosis have increased
Access to assessment, imaging and post‑diagnostic support varies widely between services
Patients in more deprived areas can experience longer waits and reduced access.

Variation on this scale means that a person’s experience of dementia care can depend significantly on where they live. The service mapping work adds a new dimension to this understanding. It shows not only that variation exists, but how it is shaped by differences in service design, commissioning and data flows across the pathway.

A wider system perspective: findings from the CQC

The challenges identified through NAD data are also reflected in national regulatory insight. The Care Quality Commission (CQC)’s report, published in May 2025, highlights that people living with dementia often face:

Delays in diagnosis and access to support
A lack of continuity once diagnosed
Variation in how well services understand and meet individual needs
Inconsistent communication with carers.

At the same time, further research published by the CQC in March 2026 is clear about what good care looks like. It should be:

Person‑centred and coordinated
Shaped by the individual and their carers
Delivered by staff with the skills, training and time to respond effectively.

Taken alongside the NAD findings, this presents a picture of a system that understands the goal, but where delivery remains uneven.

From diagnosis to hospital care: evidence of improvement

While variation persists, the evidence also shows that improvement is happening. Within hospital settings, NAD continues to demonstrate the impact of sustained measurement and feedback. Between 2023 and 2024:

Pain assessment increased from 92% to 98% of patients
Delirium screening increased from 87% to 92%
Carer‑reported experience improved, including communication and overall care quality.

These changes are significant. They reflect improvements in areas that directly affect safety, recovery and patient experience. They also demonstrate the value of audit data not just in identifying problems, but in supporting change over time.

National clinical audits – the largest programme of which in the UK is run by HQIP – measure care and share insights to improve and save lives. Data and outcomes from these audits help care providers to identify variation, trends and opportunities for improvement in the care and management of a range conditions. This, in turn, empowers clinicians and system leaders to focus resources where they can have the greatest impact.

In the case of dementia, the impact of this data becomes most visible when it is used locally. At South Warwickshire University NHS Foundation Trust, audit findings led to the creation of a Dementia and Delirium Outreach Team, supporting ward staff to improve care. The results included:

A 20% reduction in length of stay
A 10% reduction in discharge to long-term care
An estimated 1,608 bed days saved.

These are meaningful outcomes for both patients and the system, demonstrating how evidence can translate into tangible improvements in care and efficiency.

The role of patient and carer experience

Across all parts of the pathway, patient and carer experience remains central. Audit findings show improvements in communication and overall care, but also ongoing concerns about involvement, information sharing and consistency of care. This aligns with CQC findings that carers often feel under‑informed or are required to advocate on behalf of their relatives. Ensuring that these voices are heard, and acted upon, is a critical part of improvement. It ensures that changes to services are grounded in what matters most to those using them.

Phil, a patient with Lewy body dementia, expands on this point: “There needs to be an emphasis on providing tailored services to meet local needs, to avoid a generic model that supposedly ‘fits all’ and, in fact, doesn’t meet the needs of those living with a diagnosis of dementia. This can only be achieved by those who plan and commission services engaging with those of us who live with the disease, so that services are based on people’s actual needs.”

Audit insight

Across diagnostic services and hospital care, improvement depends on a cycle of measurement, learning and action. The National Audit of Dementia is central to this cycle, bringing together data, insight and improvement support across the dementia pathway. And there will be further insight to come from the audit, giving the opportunity to use the evidence more systematically, reduce variation and ensure that high‑quality care is not the exception, but the standard.

For people living with dementia, and for those who care for them, that is not simply a policy ambition. It is a necessity.

*Source: NHS England

Further information

More on the work of the National Audit of Dementia (NAD)
NAD service mapping report, published June 2026
More about HQIP’s work relating to neurology and stroke
More about all national clinical audits and outcome reviews hosted by HQIP
Good practice in caring for people with dementia – Care Quality Commission
Health and social care support for people with dementia – Care Quality Commission.

Mental health: Using evidence to improve care

5 May 2026

HQIP’s CEO, Chris Gush, explains why data is pivotal to the national review of services and the transformation of mental health care.

With one in four adults in England and Wales experiencing a mental health problem every year, and emergency referrals for young people in England rising by over 50% in just 3 years*, mental health is a national concern. The announcement of a national review of mental health services, led by NHS England’s Chair, is a significant and welcome moment for the system. It follows a broader conversation about how the NHS measures, learns from, and improves the care it delivers; one that HQIP has been contributing to directly, ensuring that the data we already have is the cornerstone of building an NHS that is Fit for the Future. Another recent article, Measure, Learn, Improve, sets out more specifically how HQIP-commissioned data and evidence (from the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme, NCAPOP), supports service improvement. Here, I apply that principle to mental health care…

Around one in five adults in England lives with a common mental health problem, and there were 2.8 million referrals to adult community mental health services in 2023/24. Yet compared to major physical health conditions, where large national audits on cancer and cardiovascular disease have generated rich, longitudinal datasets, the mental health evidence base, while growing, remains less comprehensive. Indeed, many working in mental health and the voluntary sectors argue it is an area where high-quality, systematic data collection has historically lagged behind need.

The evidence we hold is based on real-world findings; the programmes are active; and the findings are already being used, making a difference to patients’ lives”

Through the NCAPOP, HQIP commissions and manages national mental health audit and clinical outcome review work on behalf of NHS England and the Welsh Government, with some programmes extending across all four UK nations. These programmes generate important evidence on quality, safety, outcomes and patient experience, and they produce practical, clinically-led recommendations grounded in real-world delivery. They do not cover everything. Areas such as depression, anxiety and community mental health care remain relatively under-served in national audit terms, and harnessing routinely collected data such as the Mental Health Services Data Set has proved technically challenging. But what we do have is substantial, and it matters. The data from these programmes has the power to transform mental health care in an efficient and sustainable way.

It is also worth noting that there are two parallel national reviews underway. Alongside the NHS England mental health review, the Department of Health and Social Care launched its own review in December 2025, covering mental health conditions, ADHD and autism. Both highlight a system that recognises the scale of the current unmet need and the urgency for reform, and both signal an opportunity for audit and outcomes data to shape what comes next.

As these reviews progress, there is a real opportunity to use the existing evidence base to align national priorities, reduce duplication, and focus improvement activity where it will deliver the most meaningful benefit for patients. We do not need to start from scratch. We already have mature national programmes producing evidence on access, safety, outcomes and patient experience. The opportunity is to use that intelligence systematically.

Our data – a rich, national source of evidence

The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health (NCISH)

The Mental Health Clinical Outcome Review Programme, known as NCISH, is one of the Clinical Outcome Review Programmes commissioned by HQIP. Run by the University of Manchester, it provides internationally respected evidence on suicide and patient safety, examining suicide and homicide for people who have been in contact with mental health services, as well as sudden and unexplained deaths of psychiatric inpatients. The programme extends across England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Its annual reports and themed analyses provide recommendations at national and local level, directly informing suicide prevention strategy across all four nations. The programme has helped services better understand risks and opportunities for safer care, including through its widely cited ten key elements for safer mental health services.

The National Clinical Audit of Psychosis (NCAP)

The National Clinical Audit of Psychosis aims to ensure that everyone with psychosis receives high-quality, evidence-based care wherever they live. The programme is currently delivered by the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and covers all NHS-funded Early Intervention in Psychosis teams in England and Wales, providing a nationwide benchmark for the treatment and care that people with their first episode of psychosis receive.

Lived experience is central to how we approach that commissioning. Through ongoing engagement with service users and carers, we have heard clearly about delays in access to treatment, staff shortages and the variability of care across the country. Inconsistent care affects people’s ability to build meaningful relationships and find support in times of crisis. HQIP is committed to ensuring the audit’s priorities reflect those experiences, embedded in both the specification and how we monitor the contract. The most recent State of the Nation report was co-produced with clinical and service user advisors, a Service User and Carer Reference Group, and a steering group of over 30 clinicians, commissioners and NHS England staff. It found improvements in performance since the start of the audit in 2018/19 on the majority of the NICE quality standards, and highlighted key areas for improvement.

The National Audit of Eating Disorders (NAED)

Commissioned by HQIP in August 2024, the National Audit of Eating Disorders is a significant new addition to the national clinical audit portfolio. It seeks to drive improvement in the identification and appropriate management of eating disorders, and the quality and consistency of services for children and young people, adults of working age and older adults. A Service Mapping Report published in December 2025 drew on data collected from services across England, and achieved an outstanding 97% participation rate from eligible teams. Patient-level data collection commences in July 2026, with the first State of the Nation report due in July 2027.

The National Child Mortality Database (NCMD)

The National Child Mortality Database, which aims to reduce preventable child mortality, has produced some of the most widely cited work on child suicide in recent years. Its 2021 thematic report on suicide in children and young people identified 108 deaths assessed as highly or moderately likely to be due to suicide in a single year, equating to approximately two child suicides every week in England. Importantly, it also makes a number of important recommendations for suicide prevention. A full follow-up report drawing on cases since that publication is expected in 2027.

The Maternal, Newborn and Infant Clinical Outcome Review Programme (MBRRACE-UK)

The Maternal, Newborn and Infant Clinical Outcome Review, known as MBRRACE-UK, undertakes confidential enquiries into all maternal deaths from mental health-related causes. Mental ill health remains one of the leading causes of maternal death during pregnancy and in the first postnatal year, accounting for around a third of deaths, with substance misuse and other psychiatric causes among the leading factors. In April 2026, the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology published a report on maternal mental health drawing directly on MBRRACE-UK’s findings, a clear signal that this programme’s evidence is shaping national policy conversations at a national policy level.

The impact of this work

The data and outputs from our national programmes are an invaluable, publicly available resource that shine a light on where improvements will have the maximum impact; supporting healthcare providers to implement changes that will improve not only mental health care but also outcomes and patient experience more widely. Alongside published reports, our impact reports and programme outputs bring together learning from across the system, highlighting where improvement is being made and where further focus is needed. Every project within NCAPOP has been established to address clinical areas where healthcare improvement is required. For mental health care, from suicide prevention and psychosis care to eating disorders and maternal mental health, that body of evidence is growing and becoming ever more important – in spite of the areas where gaps in national audit coverage remain.

What this means for national mental health care

With this robust body of evidence that is trusted by clinicians and patients alike, HQIP stands ready to support both the national mental health reviews and ensuring that clinical audit and outcomes data are central to shaping the next phase of mental health services. The evidence we hold is based on real-world findings; the programmes are active; and the findings are already being used, making a difference to patients’ lives. Trusts and other providers, and ICBs and regional clusters, do not need to wait for the completion of the reviews to act. Existing audit and benchmarking data can support local and national improvement now.

There is a real opportunity to use the existing evidence base to align national priorities, reduce duplication, and focus improvement”

At the same time, HQIP is clear about what audit cannot achieve on its own. Improving mental health services at scale requires investment in data infrastructure, better use of routinely collected data, and a serious commitment to addressing the areas – including anxiety, depression, ADHD and autism – where the national audit evidence base remains insufficient. We call on those running these reviews to take the opportunity to join us in addressing this issue.

Our shared task is to ensure that the evidence generated across the system is used effectively, consistently and at pace to support improvement – and deliver mental health services that meet our growing need; leading to a population that is both healthier and happier than it is currently.

*Mind, May 2026

Further information from HQIP

Clinical audit and outcomes programmes, the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme, NCAPOP
The impact of HQIP data
Programmes, reports and more on mental health
Reports relating to mental health
All reports by care area
Programmes relating to mental health
Mental Health Clinical Outcome Review Programme, known as NCISH
National Clinical Audit of Psychosis (NCAP)
National Audit of Eating Disorders (NAED)
National Child Mortality Database (NCMD)
Maternal, Newborn and Infant Clinical Outcome Review, known as MBRRACE-UK
Benchmarking tools

Measure, Learn, Improve: Audit data and continuous learning in the NHS

15 Apr 2026

Across the NHS, clinicians and teams collaborate every day to provide safe, effective, and compassionate care. Drew Smith, HQIP Associate Director, argues that what turns this collective effort into a system that continuously learns and improves is not intention alone, but evidence…

Clinical audit and outcomes data provide that evidence. They allow us to see clearly how care is delivered, where variation exists, and what difference improvement efforts make over time. In short, successful learning and improvement are built on audit data, resulting in the most valuable of outcomes: improving and saving patients’ lives.

Interest in learning health systems is growing internationally as a means of solving problems and driving continuous improvement. In the UK, the Ten Year Plan for the NHS in England anticipates that “data will fuel continuous learning”. A learning health system is one in which data from routine care are systematically collected, analysed, and fed back to those delivering and planning services, creating a continuous cycle of learning and improvement. Audit and outcomes data sit at the heart of this cycle. They bring together high-quality, standardised data across organisations and care pathways to measure patient care against nationally-recognised standards.

What turns the NHS “into a system that continuously learns and improves is not intention alone, but evidence”

But at their best, audits do more than measure compliance with standards. They ask meaningful questions about quality: Are patients receiving the right care, at the right time, in the right place? Are outcomes improving, and are improvements experienced by everyone? Have changes to service delivery actually made a difference to what matters to patients?

Transparency is a critical mechanism through which audit data drive improvement. When data are fed back in a timely, accessible, and clinically credible way, they prompt reflection and dialogue. Teams can benchmark their performance, identify unwarranted variation, and learn from peers who are achieving better outcomes. Creating the conditions for curiosity and shared learning is as important as quality assurance.

Audit data also support improvement by enabling prioritisation. Health systems face constant pressure on time and resources. Robust outcomes data help leaders and clinicians focus improvement efforts where they will have the greatest impact for patients. They provide a basis for difficult decisions and help ensure that improvement activity is aligned with objective evidence rather than subjective assumptions.

“At their best, audits do more than measure compliance with standards; they ask meaningful questions about quality”

Importantly though, learning does not happen through data alone. It happens when data are interpreted in context and combined with clinical expertise, patient experience, and improvement capability. This is why projects commissioned by HQIP through the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme (NCAPOP), make quality improvement support available alongside measurement. Providing tools, case studies, and networks for shared learning helps translate insight into action and accelerates the pace of change.

For example, the National Audit of Care at the End of Life (NACEL) breaks the quality improvement journey down into six phases and signposts to resources at each stage. Alongside this, NACEL offers inspiration through an impact compendium and regular QI webinars.

Audit and outcomes data also play a vital role in addressing health inequalities. By disaggregating data by factors such as age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, and geography, audits can reveal differences in access, treatment, and outcomes that might otherwise remain hidden. Making these differences visible is a necessary first step towards tackling them. A learning system is one that learns for all patients, not just the majority.

The pace of learning is another defining feature of a learning health system. NCAPOP audits are increasing the frequency with which data and quality improvement resources are made available, so clinical teams are able to test changes, see early signs of impact, and adapt more quickly.

“When we use audit and outcomes data wisely, we move closer to a health system that learns continuously”

Finally, audit and outcomes data help sustain improvement over time. One-off projects can deliver short-term gains, but without ongoing measurement it is difficult to know whether those gains have been sustained. Continuous audit provides a way to monitor progress, reinforce good practice, and adapt to new evidence or changing circumstances. To this end, many NCAPOP projects publish dashboards that track national and hospital performance over time, such as this dashboard on asthma in adults as part of the National Respiratory Audit Programme.

In the NHS, the ambition to become a learning health system is not abstract. It is rooted in the daily realities of care and the shared commitment to do better for patients. Audit and outcomes data give us the means to learn systematically from those realities. By investing in high-quality audits, focusing on meaningful outcomes, and supporting teams to use data well, we can create a virtuous cycle of measurement, learning, and improvement.

When we use audit and outcomes data wisely, we move closer to a health system that learns continuously – and one that delivers safer, more effective and more equitable care for everyone.

Further information

HQIP-commissioned national clinical audits and programmes
Reports from HQIP programmes on a range of topics, from asthma to vascular care
Guidance to support healthcare improvement
More articles from HQIP

A unique perspective: Seeing both sides of the story

7 Apr 2026

Meg uses her dual experience of maternity care and as a service user representative to explain why both patient voice and data must form the cornerstone of healthcare improvement.

Meg, who has been part of HQIP’s Service User Network (SUN) for a number of years, offers an interesting patient perspective. As an antenatal teacher in her professional life, she has a wealth of experience in maternity improvement at local, regional and national levels. So, with a ‘foot in both camps’, we were keen to know what Meg has to say about the value of patient voice and data in improving healthcare…

Her involvement began more than a decade ago with her local Maternity Services Liaison Committee, which later became a Maternity and Neonatal Voices Partnership. Over the years she chaired her local network, contributed to regional maternity systems, and participated in national projects centred on patient safety, coproduction and service improvement. This experience nurtured a deep belief that “healthcare can only improve when the people who use it are actively shaping it.”

The power of patient voice

As such, Meg is a long-time advocate for embedding service user voices into every layer of healthcare – from individual care experiences to national policy and audit. She summarises it simply: “understanding lived experience helps the system to ask the right questions, and avoids floundering in the dark.” Co-production, in particular, is something that Meg is keen to stress has many benefits for service providers and patients alike.

Healthcare can only improve when the people who use it are actively shaping it”

“Working collaboratively with patients to design services helps to get things right the first time, reducing costs and inefficiencies. It also ensures that people can access the right care in the right way, helping to address inequalities.” Importantly, Meg can see that it could play a key role in one of the biggest issues currently affecting healthcare: “By working together, we can identify risk early and prevent harm; particularly in areas like maternity, where safety concerns have been so prominent.”

The greater power of patient voice and evidence

This brings Meg to data. She feels that patient voice brings context to data, offering insight into what is happening ‘on the ground’. With patients involved in designing care, people “have trust in data and the decisions made,” she says. More generally, Meg stresses the value of using healthcare data when developing services, but suggests its value is more nuanced than that: “The true value of data lies in not only answering the questions we already have, but also in its ability to provide insights into the issues we never realised existed.”

The MBRRACE-UK maternal mortality findings loom large as an example. When looking at 2014-16 data, this HQIP-commissioned programme found that women from Black ethnic backgrounds had five times the risk of maternal mortality, compared to white women. After a national focus and targeted strategies, prompted by the data, the disparity was reduced to around double 2021-23. “Still unacceptable, but evidence of significant progress. But, without data it would still be five times – or worse!” Meg is keen to stress how widely trusted MBRRACE-UK data is, and how midwives, obstetricians and a variety of others working in maternity depend on it: “Its reliability and careful methodology mean it informs everyday clinical decisions as well as national improvements.”

From data to action

For Meg, collecting data is only the beginning. “We need to use it,” she emphasises – not just analyse endlessly. She points to the way that maternal mortality data has been translated into equity strategies across England’s ICBs, quoting the following examples:

More culturally competent care
Specific clinical conversations, such as guidance around vitamin D
Training to challenge structural and personal biases
Changes to how care is delivered in communities where risks are highest.

The true value of data lies in not only answering the questions we already have, but also in its ability to provide insights into the issues we never realised existed”

This, she says, is a powerful example of data “moving from spreadsheet to strategy to real-world change”.

The power of the SUN

Meg describes discovering HQIP during a period of postgraduate study in public health, and being drawn to the chance to broaden her involvement beyond maternity. The idea of contributing to work that cuts across healthcare appealed to her. What she found confirmed her hopes. “Voices are constantly being asked for,” she explains. “It feels like a genuinely embedded part of HQIP’s work.” Knowing that service user perspectives are both sought and meaningfully included has built her trust in the outputs – even for projects she hasn’t personally worked on.

It feels meaningful…it’s not a tick-box exercise”

Since joining the HQIP ‘s Service User Network (SUN), Meg has taken part in a wide range of activities, including:

Judging the HQIP Clinical Audit Awards, which allowed her to see outstanding practice in diverse areas such as patient safety and sustainability
Inputting into audit development and contributing to national audit work
Speaking to clinicians and stakeholders about coproduction, helping reinforce why it matters and how it can transform services.

Across these experiences, Meg emphasises how valuable it is to work with a well-run, responsive network. One of the strongest positives she identifies is the absence of tokenism. “It feels meaningful,” she says. “It’s not a tick-box exercise.” Knowing that her contributions will influence real work and real outcomes gives her a sense of purpose. Meg also stresses the wider societal benefit: “involving people with lived and diverse experiences helps to ensure that healthcare is genuinely usable, equitable and trustworthy.”

In terms of challenges, she raises one note of potential concern: namely, the need for audits to steer clear of ‘political’ influence. While she acknowledges that this is common across many sectors, she emphasises how crucial it is – especially in healthcare – for audit voices to be able to tell the full story: “otherwise the system risks missing opportunities to prevent harm.”

Looking ahead to the future

Meg is hopeful about the progress that has been made through a combination clinical audit and patient engagement, in maternity and beyond. However, she is cautious about repeated cycles of inquiries, saying that there needs to be an equal emphasis on acting quickly with what is already known.

But her overall message is clear: service user involvement, high quality audit and meaningful use of data are all fundamental to safer, more equitable and more compassionate healthcare. And she believes networks like HQIP’s SUN are crucial to making that happen.

Further information

HQIP’s Service User Network (SUN)
More about patient engagement at HQIP
HQIP-commissioned national clinical audits and programmes
Reports from HQIP programmes on a range of topics, from asthma to vascular care
Patient Perspective: Why Patients are the Route to Real Results
Article: How the National Audit of Eating Disorders (NAED) is placing the voices of people with lived experience at the centre of its work
Patient POV: HQIP patient advocate, Aurora explains how she and her peers are guiding national obesity care
Article: The Power of Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) in Healthcare Improvement
Patient voice in clinical audit: A powerful partnership improving asthma and COPD care

National Cancer Plan: Opportunity for change

2 Mar 2026

A catalyst for working together to deliver a step change in improvement.

A step change in cancer care will only happen if we act as one system, and make the very best use of our national clinical audit and outcomes data. Now the dust has settled following the release of the Government’s National Cancer Plan for England, HQIP’s Medical Director Professor Danny Keenan, offers some reflections on its importance in improving care and outcomes for those with cancer, and on the importance of working together and making the most of data, to deliver its aims…

“The National Cancer Plan is very timely and will be well received. We have already been consolidating activities related to cancer care, but now is the time to make a step change and improve the key indicators of long-term outcomes for all patients.

The building blocks are in place. We are surrounded by standards related to most cancers. In terms of clinical audit to measure against these standards, we now have structural, process and outcomes measures for many of the most common cancers (see the list of national cancer audits at the end of this article). However, we need to take this further. This is where the Cancer Plan will help. The areas where we can focus our efforts on working together, to deliver its aims, are:

Earlier diagnosis

This will not be solved by one sector, such as primary care, working alone, but by all areas contributing. The NHS Ten-Year Health Plan for England has placed great emphasis on the “Left Shift”. This is the move to collaboration between sectors, ‘knocking down the walls’ of hospitals, and all working together between sectors to move expertise to where it benefits patients most – so that they have the best experience of care. In relation to early diagnosis, this means the different sectors combining into a more seamless service and reaching out to the population to drive improvement.

This is where the other tool that is available to us comes in, Cancer Alliances. We already have strong alliances in place, and we need to capitalise on their strengths so that they, working between sectors (as they currently do), help to seek out and bring forward patients to tackle the problem of late diagnosis.

Following the data

The improvement that follows from audit and reviews of service, to understand how to help providers that are performing less well, should play a fundamental part in this step change in cancer care.

We have, with the increased funding into the cancer programme, more and extremely useful information concerning the performance of the sector. We need to capitalise on this excellent information. It needs to be more widely disseminated, and we need to address the “so what” question more aggressively.

To disseminate this information more widely is important. It needs, particularly, to be made available in easy-to-use formats to front-line clinicians. Colleagues absorb information in diverse ways, and therefore several mechanisms need to be used. Using dashboards, designed to be used with minimum fuss, alongside social media and traditional media are all important.

To address the “so what” question, the Cancer Plan uses quite strong language. While we all agree that we need to tackle “eradicating variation”, this needs to be managed in a supportive way. All clinicians are working flat out, and we need support to work more cleverly not harder. That is where we, with the National Clinical Audits, can help. Those who provide the audits can develop quality improvement messages and tools that clinicians can use in their day-to-day work, driving improvement in the services that they offer. That will lead to reduced variation and eventually to improved outcomes.

This is another area where the Cancer Alliances can help. They are in the best position to influence clinicians and drive many of these quality improvement initiatives flowing from the National Clinical Audit programme.

The Cancer Alliances also have a role in bringing patient voice to the forefront. We need to ensure that their voice is centre stage as we develop services. The “Left Shift” is likely to be applauded by patients, but they need to understand why and how any change is taking place – and that it is there to improve their experience of care, as well as improve outcomes.

Cancer is cancer

Finally, I want to make a point about what the Cancer Plan calls “rare cancers”. That is an unhelpful term, in my view. If you were unlucky enough to suffer from one of these, you would not feel that its likelihood of occurring is relevant. You would expect exactly the same treatment and support as anyone with a “mainstream cancer”. There are a multitude of audits and registries assimilating data on these cancers with little support nationally. The information is therefore variable. However, we need excellent data on these cancers, as we do with others. HQIP can help here, through the development of an Association of Clinical Audits and Registries (ACAR). We could use our knowledge and skills to support these registries and audits to maintain excellent governance, and ensure that the service and information that patients receive are second to none.

In summary, we in HQIP appreciate the National Cancer Plan for England. We look forward to working with a wide spectrum of colleagues, and with patients, to work collaboratively to use data to implement it. National clinical audits are the backbone of accountable improvement in cancer care, while Cancer Alliances are built to deliver change across pathways. Now is the time to use both with greater ambition. It is not enough to measure variation. We must translate insight and collaboration into action that improves care, and supports teams to make progress with the time and capacity they have.

If we can bring all this together then I, for one, can see that the National Cancer Plan for England will take us a (significant) step closer to vast improvements in cancer care and outcomes for everyone.

National cancer audits

HQIP-commissioned cancer programmes, all within the National Cancer Audit Collaborating Centre (NATCAN), are:

Patient Perspective: Why Patients are the Route to Real Results

12 Feb 2026

Patient representative, Sadia, tells us why patient voice and data must shape healthcare improvement.

When Sadia first came across HQIP’s Service User Network (SUN), she wasn’t particularly looking for a new commitment – but she was keen to make a difference. Having taken part in patient engagement activities for a local research initiative previously, she was ready to contribute to something broader; something that would have national impact. What she found was a community where her voice – and the voices of people like her – could help shape the quality of healthcare across the country for everyone. Here she explains why patient involvement is important, and why it goes hand in hand with sharing healthcare data.

We’re the ones receiving the care. We’re the only ones who can tell you if it’s working or not”

“When I saw the SUN network, it sounded exactly what I was looking for.” What stood out to her first was the tone of the advert: welcoming and flexible. “It said I could be involved as much or as little as I wanted. That really reassured me; it meant that I could contribute as and when I was able.” She signed up immediately. It was the beginning of a relationship that brought benefit to HQIP’s programme of national clinical audits as well as wider healthcare. It was also a relationship that saw Sadia develop her understanding of the value of patient voice, and the use of data, in changing healthcare for the better.

Why patient voice matters

For Sadia, the case for involving patients in healthcare improvement is simple and powerful. “We’re the ones receiving the care. We’re the only ones who can tell you if it’s working or not.” She has seen first-hand how involving patients early can prevent problems later on, and save time and effort. “If you include patients in discussions around care initiatives, they’ll spot issues before you roll them out – and they’ll help you to fix them. It makes care relevant, more efficient, and ultimately supports staff too.”

Improving care for everyone

Sadia, who has premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD, a condition that took 12 years to be diagnosed), speaks candidly about her healthcare journey. As a British-South Asian woman under 30, she has faced many assumptions about her and her care. But change, she says, is happening. In her case, she connects this directly to women’s involvement. “When I was growing up, most research was done by men, for men, about men. Now we’re seeing much more research led by women, and that is focused on women’s health – and the involvement of female patients has played a key role too.” She believes that change has been possible in part because patients have demanded to be part of the solution: “We go through this, you should be studying us with us.”

I can see that sharing [anonymised] data is an important part of creating better services and outcomes”

Today, when she visits her doctor, they immediately know what PMDD is and what emerging treatments are being explored. “It gives me hope. Five or ten years ago, that wouldn’t have happened, and I’m grateful – not just for me, but for all the others with my condition.”

How data shapes better care

Sadia is open about once feeling hesitant about consenting to sharing her health data. “Healthcare hasn’t always focused on people like me, so I was unsure if it would be of benefit. But, through being involved with HQIP, I can see that sharing [anonymised] data is an important part of creating better services and outcomes.” For her, data and patient voice are equally important: “You need both to understand how care is working and where improvements are needed.” She also sees data sharing as essential to equity. “If someone like me doesn’t share my data, there won’t be relevant information to shine a light on conditions that affect people like me.”

What does patient engagement mean in practice?

Since joining HQIP’s Service User Network (SUN), Sadia has taken part in a wide range of activities, including reviewing reports, contributing to the development of resources, speaking at conferences, and generally offering insights based on both her personal experiences and those of people for whom she cares. “My father has cardiovascular disease, and I have been able to contribute, not just as a patient but also as a carer. Being able to bring that perspective into a meeting, and see it valued, was fantastic.”

If you’re listening to your patients, you’re going to get things right more often”

The variety of opportunities is something she genuinely appreciates. “I feel like I’ve only touched the surface, in terms of what I could get involved in. But the great thing is, if you aren’t selected for one opportunity, another comes along quite soon. It is always very rewarding.”

A shared journey to continuous improvement

While Sadia says that she wouldn’t have chosen to go through the healthcare journey she has, she recognises that it does put her in a unique position of being able to benefit others, through patient engagement. “It did lead me to something meaningful,” she reflects. She is comforted that she is helping to shape a healthcare service that listens, learns, and improves.

For HQIP, Sadia’s story embodies exactly why patient involvement is critical for patient-centred, evidence-informed improvement in care. It deepens understanding. It ensures relevance. And, ultimately, it leads to care that meets the needs of real people. Or, as Sadia puts it: “If you’re listening to your patients, you’re going to get things right more often.”

Further information

HQIP’s Service User Network (SUN)
More about patient engagement at HQIP
HQIP-commissioned national clinical audits and programmes
Reports from HQIP programmes on a range of topics, from asthma to vascular care
Article: How the National Audit of Eating Disorders (NAED) is placing the voices of people with lived experience at the centre of its work
Patient POV: HQIP patient advocate, Aurora explains how she and her peers are guiding national obesity care
Article: The Power of Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) in Healthcare Improvement
Patient voice in clinical audit: A powerful partnership improving asthma and COPD care

Integrating clinical audit and quality improvement to deliver impact for patients

1 Feb 2026

HQIP Associate Director, Dr Iain Smith, features in BMJ Leader Blog this month, on the subject of integrating clinical audit and quality improvement to deliver impact for patients…

“Fit-for-the-Future, the ten-year plan for the English NHS, envisages a focus on quality and improvement driven by data.¹ The plan acknowledges the wealth of data available nationally – including through clinical audits.¹ Furthermore, new best practice guidance from NHS England argues for clinical audit contributing to a wider quality management approach.²

Data are critical to both quality improvement and quality assurance. When used effectively, data enable organisations to demonstrate measurable improvement at both the individual project and whole organisation level.” Samantha Riley, Director of Making Data Count, NHS England

Historically, clinical audit is one of the main mechanisms for improvement in healthcare and is closely associated with quality assurance. More recently, approaches to quality improvement have been adopted into healthcare from other industries focussing on small-scale tests of change and learning – typically with measurement as a key element.³ Whilst tensions between clinical audit and other quality improvement approaches have been observed, both can work in synergy and clinical audit can play a key role in moving towards more systematic data driven quality management.^{2 4}

Background: Clinical Audit and Quality Management

Continuous improvement is a long pursued goal in healthcare.⁵ A long standing approach to improvement is clinical audit. Clinical audit involves assessing services against evidence-based criteria and is considered the foundation of a well-functioning healthcare system. It is a cyclical approach that provides feedback upon which action can be taking on areas for improvement before re-auditing to assess the impact (see Figure 1 below).^{2 6 7}

Improvement efforts are more impactful when part of a systematic approach.^{8 9} Quality management systems (QMS) are a means of systematically improving healthcare and embedding continuous improvement. A QMS combines a systematic approach to quality improvement (QI) with quality planning and quality control.^9-11 Quality planning refers to how an organisation or system identifies its priorities for improvement and designs interventions to deliver them.¹⁰ Quality planning ensures close alignment of improvement activity with the strategic objectives of the organisation or system.^{10 11} Quality control refers to measurement of processes to monitor performance in real time and taking action to deliver results in line with performance standards.^{10 11} In addition to these three core components of a QMS, in healthcare a fourth component is included. Quality assurance focuses on checking whether a service is meeting required standards based on external requirements.^{9 11} Clinical audit can play a key role across such systematic approaches.¹²

Figure 1 – The Clinical Audit Cycle (HQIP 2020, used with permission)

Clinical Audit and Quality Planning: Identifying opportunities for improvement

Clinical audit can support progress on national healthcare priorities by considering findings in planning activities. Clinical audit can contribute insights to service planning and commissioning processes by providing both cross-sectional benchmarking and longitudinal data.^{1 2} The national clinical audit and outcomes programme (NCAPOP) is one of the largest national audit programmes of its kind and can play a major role in the planning process and identification of improvement priorities.¹² If healthcare priorities are to be evidence-based, clinically credible and focused on what matters most to patients, this data should shape how services are designed and inform which improvement priorities are selected. For example, the national mothers and babies audit (MBRRACE-UK) identified persistent inequalities in maternal and perinatal outcomes linked to ethnicity, deprivation, and geography. These findings enabled providers, commissioners and national bodies to prioritise targeted improvement efforts focussing attention on highest risk groups.^{13 14}

Clinical Audit and Quality Improvement: Improving patient care and outcomes

Clinical audit is a quality improvement process that seeks to improve patient care and outcomes. A long-standing approach that has stood the test of time, clinical audit can continue to play a leading role in improving processes and outcomes nationally and locally. Through assessment against evidence-based standards for the structure, processes and outcomes of care, changes can be implemented where indicated and monitored to confirm improvement.⁷ Clinical audit also works alongside other popular approaches to QI – such as Lean and the Model-for-Improvement. These approaches support experimentation and testing in the ‘implementing change’ stage of the audit cycle.⁴ Therefore, if we want improvement that is data-driven, evidence-informed and clinically trusted, clinical audit should be central to any systematic QI approach. For example, the fragility fracture and falls audit programme (FFFAP) provides the national audit of inpatient falls (NAIF) which has seen improvements in its key indicators over the past six years. NAIF also provides resources to support local quality improvement projects.¹⁵

Clinical Audit and Quality Control: Ongoing measurement of quality

Clinical audit supports quality control processes by providing evidence of impact of changes introduced. In improvement work, to assess tests of change, a family of metrics is used comprising process and outcome measures.³ Audit is ideally placed to contribute to this and help improvement efforts to know whether changes lead to improvement. Whilst audits have been carried out previously at distal points in time, such as annually, there are examples of audits operating more frequently. With increasing focus on digital technologies, further shifts towards real-time audit are anticipated.¹ For example, the paediatric intensive care audit network (PICANet) provides continuous, risk-adjusted monitoring of outcomes, allowing providers and national bodies to track trends in mortality, detect variation and identify emerging quality concerns.¹⁶

Clinical Audit and Quality Assurance: Evidence based compliance with standards

Quality assurance processes help organisations to understand care quality through periodic checks that particular standards are being achieved and addressing identified shortfalls.^{2 11} Alongside inspection and accreditation, clinical audit is one of the main quality assurance mechanisms used by healthcare organisations.^{4 11} Clinical audit is effective for providing assurance of compliance with evidence-based standards – including national standards via national audits.

Clinical audit is one of the earliest forms of QI in healthcare. Whilst typically associated with quality assurance, clinical audit can play a key role across all quality management domains including planning, control and improvement. To provide confidence that care is consistently safe, effective and improving over time, clinical audit should underpin how we improve and monitor for proactive oversight and quality control.”

This article was published as a blog on BMJ Leader on 9th Feb 2026: Quality management and clinical audit: Integrating clinical audit and quality improvement to deliver impact for patients. By Iain Smith – The official blog of BMJ Leader

Further resources from HQIP

Discover more about how HQIP supports organisations to use clinical audit and healthcare data to drive improvement – from strategy development to implementation or training
Guidance and other resources to support improvement
Reports and infographics
Benchmarked results, searchable by project name, trust, hospital or unit

References

Department of Health & Social Care and NHS England. Fit for the future: 10 Year Health Plan for England. London: UK Government, 2025.
NHS England. Clinical audits and registries: A best practice guide. London: NHS England (Available at https://future.nhs.uk ), 2026.
Shah A. Using data for improvement. BMJ 2019;364:l189. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l189
Backhouse A, Ogunlayi F. Quality improvement into practice. BMJ 2020;368:m865. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m865
Berwick D. Continuous Improvement as an Ideal in Healthcare. New Engl J Med 1989;320(1):53-56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198901053200110
Ivers N, Foy R. Audit, Feedback, and Behaviour Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2025.
HQIP. Best practice in clinical audit. London: Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (Available at www.hqip.org.uk ), 2020.
Dixon-Woods M, Martin GP. Does quality improvement improve quality? Future Hospital Journal 2016;3(3):191-94. doi: https://doi.org/10.7861/futurehosp.3-3-191
Spela Godec MH, John Illingworth, Carl Macrae. Developing whole-organisation Quality Management Systems in health care: learning from practice and recommendations for progress. London: The Health Foundation, 2025.
Glassborow R. Moving from Quality Improvement to Quality Management: Supporting better quality health and social care for everyone in Scotland. Edinburgh, UK: Healthcare Improvement Scotland (Available at www.ihub.scot ), 2022.
Shah A. How to move beyond quality improvement projects. BMJ 2020;370:m2319. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2319
Clark CI. Healthcare data: The key to improvement and efficiency [Blog]. London: BMJ Leader; 2025 [updated 03 Dec 2025. Available from: https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjleader/2025/12/03/healthcare-data-the-key-to-improvement-and-efficiency-by-dame-celia-ingham-clark accessed 19 Jan 2026 2026.
MBRRACE-UK. Maternal mortality 2022-2024 Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit; 2026 [updated 15 Jan 202627 Jan 2026]. Available from: https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/mbrrace-uk/data-brief/maternal-mortality-2022-2024.
NHS England. The Maternal Care Bundle: A care bundle for reducing maternal mortality and morbidity London: NHS England; 2026 [updated 16 Jan 2026. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/the-maternal-care-bundle/ accessed 26 Jan 2026.
National Audit of Inpatient Falls (NAIF). Stepping towards improvement: an analysis of 2024 inpatient falls audit data and reflection on 6 years as continuous audit. London: Royal College of Physicians (Available at https://www.rcp.ac.uk/86396 ), 2025.
Universities of Leeds and Leicester. The Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet): PICANet; 2026 [Available from: https://www.picanet.org.uk accessed 27 Jan 2026.

When Every Day Matters

12 Jan 2026

HQIP Audit Drives Earlier Lung Cancer Diagnosis.

Lung cancer is one of the most significant challenges facing the NHS, representing the leading cause of cancer death in the UK. But HQIP-commissioned data released in 2025 highlights a particularly encouraging trend of lives being extended and saved: a sustained increase in the proportion of patients diagnosed at stage 1 or stage 2, when the disease is most amenable to curative treatment.

Over the past decade, the National Lung Cancer Audit (NLCA), which is commissioned by HQIP and part of the National Cancer Audit Collaborating Centre (NATCAN), has played a pivotal role in driving improvements in lung cancer diagnosis and survival. Its 2025 State of the Nation report is an audit of the NHS care received by people diagnosed with lung cancer in England and Wales during 2023. Importantly, we have seen a 7-percentage point increase in England in people diagnosed with stage 1 or 2 in 2023 (37%, up from 30% in 2021). In Wales, there’s even greater improvement, with a 10-percentage point increase (up to 34%, from 24% in 2021).

Early-stage diagnosis is fundamental to improving survival. Historically, most lung cancer cases were identified at advanced stages, limiting treatment options. Through systematic audit, benchmarking, and recommendations, identifying unwarranted variation, and providing actionable insights, the NLCA is helping to shift this pattern.

This improvement in early diagnosis aligns directly with UK healthcare priorities. The NHS 10-year plan, which highlighted that cancer outcomes in England lag behind other countries, aspires to shift the NHS from a service primarily focused on sickness to one that prioritises prevention and early diagnosis. HQIP-commissioned NATCAN, part of the Clinical Effectiveness Unit in London (a collaboration between the Royal College of Surgeons of England and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine), has a crucial role to play here. The national centre of excellence has brought all NHS national cancer audits together under one umbrella and is shining a spotlight on the care and treatment of patients who are diagnosed with cancer in England and Wales.

No progress whatsoever was made in diagnosing cancer at stage I and II between 2013 and 2021. Since then, rates have risen… with notable improvements in the early detection of lung cancer due to the targeted lung check programme.” Lord Darzi, Independent Investigation of the NHS in England, 2024

Treatment and waiting times: A mixed picture

Even with earlier diagnosis, improved patient outcomes depend heavily on timely and effective treatment. And here the picture is mixed.

People with stage 1 or 2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in addition to a good performance status (0-2) are candidates for treatments with curative intent. The proportion of this group who had curative treatment was 80% across the whole of England in 2023, meeting the expected standard set by the audit. The proportion of people with NSCLC who had surgery also met the audit standard and exceeded pre-pandemic levels. In England, 7,018 people had lung cancer operations in 2023, an increase from 5,865 people in 2022. The audit also shows individual results for each hospital. Through these benchmarks, it helps to reduce unwarranted variation and ensure that all patients have equitable access to potentially curative treatment.

The NLCA does, however, highlight a need for improved uptake of systemic anti-cancer therapy (SACT). Clinical trials have demonstrated that SACT can transform patient outcomes for people with advanced NSCLC – extending survival, as well as improving cancer related symptoms and quality of life. In 2017, the NLCA set a standard that at of people with advanced NSCLC (stages 3B-4) and a good performance status (0-1) should receive SACT; yet the proportion who received SACT in 2023 was 62% in England. As well as being too low, this has also remained largely static in recent years

This is where clinical audits, like those in the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme commissioned by HQIP, make a real difference. By identifying areas for improvement and robustly monitoring progress against these, they help ensure that every patient gets the best possible treatment.

Lung cancer treatment waiting times also show cause for concern, particularly given that earlier diagnosis means demand is increasing. Delays in accessing treatment heighten stress and uncertainty for patients and, in some cases, allow the cancer to advance, limiting the effectiveness of potential treatments.

The National Optimal Lung Cancer Pathway for England (NOLCP) states that time from referral to the start of treatment for people with NSCLC should be no longer than . However, time to surgery exceeded 49 days for seven out of eight people with NSCLC at stage 1 or 2 in England, with a median time of 83 days. In Wales it was longer still, with the median time to surgery 97 days for these patients.

Timely diagnosis and treatment for people with Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) is imperative too, as these tumours are highly aggressive, rapidly progressive, and can quickly spread, ultimately leading to fatal outcomes. In 2017, the NLCA set a standard that at least 80% of people with SCLC should receive SACT within 14 days of pathological diagnosis. The NLCA’s 2025 report highlights that in 2023, the median time from diagnosis to treatment in England was 15 days – with only 48% starting treatment within the target timeframe of 14 days.

It is in precisely situations like this that national clinical audit has an important role to play, working with the sector to provide evidence that highlights where changes would have an impact on patient outcomes. This will hopefully help deliver future treatment improvements, following the progress already made on earlier diagnosis.

Despite the mixed picture on treatment, crucially, more lives are being extended and saved. 2025’s NLCA report sees the median survival of the 18,653 patients in England diagnosed between 1 January and 30 June 2023 reach 358 days (compared to 267 days in 2021), with 50% surviving one year. While clinical audit is just one part of a healthcare system working hard to achieve improvements in care, to save and improve lives, it is an essential tool in healthcare providers’ armoury. HQIP Chief Executive, Chris Gush, explains:

The NLCA is a model for how systematic audit can drive measurable, life-changing improvements. It reflects a shared commitment to ensuring that every person with lung cancer is diagnosed earlier, treated faster, and given the best possible chance of survival. Continued collaboration between clinicians, service users, data analysts, cancer charities, and policymakers will be essential to sustain this, to ensure that every patient benefits.”

Find out more

Sign up to receive HQIP’s eBulletin to receive future national audit reports, including the next NLCA Station of the Nation report due in early 2026
Article: HQIP audits pave the way to better cancer care
National Lung Cancer Audit data dashboards
Interested in improving healthcare with HQIP? Our clinical auditand quality improvement consultancy service is here to support you. Contact us on workwithus@hqip.org.uk for an initial, no-obligation conversation

Each Data Point Represents a Person and Their Family

15 Dec 2025

How lived experience is shaping HQIP’s new National Audit of Eating Disorders.

It’s estimated that at least 1.25 million people in the UK live with an eating disorder. Behind every statistic is a person whose daily life, and the lives of those who love them, is profoundly affected. The emotional and physical pain impacts patients, families, partners, and friends alike. Eating disorders can also be life-threatening: Anorexia Nervosa has the highest mortality rate of any mental health disorder, underscoring the urgent need for better care and support.

The new National Audit of Eating Disorders (NAED), commissioned by HQIP and delivered by the Royal College of Psychiatrists, aims to improve identification, management, and overall quality of care for people with eating disorders. In its first year, the audit has mapped services across England to understand the breadth and depth of current care, achieving an outstanding 97% participation rate from eligible teams and publishing a Service Mapping report that outlines what has been discovered.

Crucially, the audit has placed the voices of people with lived experience at the very centre of its work, ensuring that those who use eating disorder services, and those who care for them, directly shape how data is gathered, analysed, and shared. HQIP champions patient and public involvement in all national audits within the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme (NCAPOP) to ensure that improvement is not just theoretical, but grounded in the realities of those who are in need of care. Their perspectives ensure that recommendations become changes that make a difference to patients and their families, and save lives.

True co-production in action

Lived experience is never an add-on; it is a key foundation of the NAED team’s work. The principle that each data point represents a person and their family underpins the entire project.

By combining clinical expertise with lived experience insight, and supported by HQIP’s expertise in patient involvement, quality and governance, the audit aims to enhance the identification, management, and quality of care for people of all ages with eating disorders. This inclusive approach ensures that future service improvements will be guided by the realities of people’s lives, and help to translate data into meaningful, person-centred actions that can improve outcomes and save lives.

Alongside representatives from many partner organisations, two Lived Experience Advisors sit on NAED’s Implementation and Steering groups. These groups provide the project team with expertise from multiple backgrounds to plan, structure, produce, and interpret the results of the audit fully and without bias. Importantly, the Lived Experience Advisors ensure that the perspectives of people with direct experience of eating disorders are consistently heard and acted upon in every key decision.

As a Lived Experience Advisor, I have been impressed with the commitment of everyone involved in the audit. As a team we have a holistic approach, as the voices of those who use eating disorder services are combined with the voices of those who deliver them. We are working in partnership with a shared ambition of improving services and outcomes for those living with eating disorders and their families.” Rebecca Regler, Lived Experience Advisor for NAED

This commitment to patient engagement is applied to all aspects of the audit’s work. Service users who are under the age of 16 are being asked what’s important to them via a survey, and the audit also has a dedicated Service User and Carer Advisory Group (SUCAG), which brings together a diverse range of people with personal or caring experience of eating disorders. Co-facilitated with the charity Beat, the SUCAG works alongside the Steering Group, as well as clinicians, researchers, and HQIP representatives who provide oversight, guidance, and ensure that patient input is meaningfully integrated throughout the audit process. The SUCAG helps shape the direction of the audit, set its metrics and ensure that it reflects issues that matter most to patients and families.

The SUCAG’s input goes far beyond consultation too. Members reviewed the clarity and accessibility of the Service Mapping report and a forthcoming data dashboard to ensure they are inclusive and genuinely useful. Their feedback even informed how findings were presented, including designing posters for eating disorder service waiting rooms with QR codes linking directly to the national report to make the results accessible to patients and their families.

What the data reveals

Exceptional engagement, successfully mapping 297 eating disorder teams across 209 service providers in England, has resulted in the most detailed national picture of eating disorder service provision to date. Still only one year in from inception, this work lays the groundwork for future audit phases and offers new insights into both strengths and challenges, from access and staffing to treatment availability and waiting times.

The audit found high levels of multidisciplinary working and strong uptake of NICE-recommended therapies, reflecting good practice across many teams. However, it also revealed significant variation in access, service configuration, and waiting times across regions and age groups.

Waiting times ranged widely. The median wait for assessment for children and young people (CYP) is 14 days, compared to 28 days for adults. CYP typically wait 4 days for treatment, whereas for adults this median wait is 42 days – and some teams report waits of up to 700 days.
Diagnostic coverage varied. While over 90% of teams treat Anorexia Nervosa, only 60% of adult teams and 66% of CYP teams treat Binge Eating Disorder (BED), and fewer than half currently treat Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) – 29% of adult and 45% of CYP teams.
Workforce pressures and variation in adult versus CYP service capacity were also highlighted, with adult teams managing 89% higher patient demand than CYP teams.

These findings offer vital insight into areas requiring targeted improvement and provide a benchmark for tracking progress in the next phase of the audit.

My son has ARFID. We were only referred because we ended up in their local hospital. Even when you get into a service there is no particular pathway. In the past five years we have been in three different teaching hospitals in London, which have all taken a very different approach.” Carer

Looking ahead

The service mapping undertaken by the NAED lays the foundation for the core audit phase beginning in 2026, which will assess services against 12 national metrics. For HQIP, as we have seen with other audits as they mature, we are confident that this will be a milestone in informing changes that will lead to improved care and patient outcomes. As such, the NAED – with its patient-focused approach – will play a key role in demonstrating the continued value of national audit in strengthening quality assurance, accountability, and patient partnership across healthcare.

National audits are strongest when patients are partners. Their experiences turn numbers into understanding, and understanding into better care. By embedding lived experience at its core right from the beginning, the NAED is creating a foundation for lasting change, ensuring that data collected truly reflects the experiences and needs of patients.” Chris Gush, HQIP CEO

Find out more

National Audit of Eating Disorders (NAED)
NAED Service Mapping Report, published December 2025
Article: The Power of Patient and Public Involvement in Healthcare Improvement
Case study: Listening to Marginalised Voices in Maternity to Help Reduce Health Inequalities
Article: How HQIP patient advocates are guiding national obesity care
How HQIP involves patients in the NCAPOP
How HQIP could support your organisation with support or training on patient engagement

Healthcare data: The key to improvement and efficiency

3 Dec 2025

HQIP’s Chair and former NHS England deputy Medical Director, Dame Celia Ingham Clark, features in BMJ Leader this month, sharing why clinical audit must play a key role in designing an NHS that is “Fit for the Future”.

“The challenges that the NHS faces are not new. With an ageing population and staff shortages, we are faced with daily news headlines about soaring costs and long waiting lists. The 10 Year Plan Fit for the Future describes the pressing need to ensure a sustainable, financially-viable future for our NHS, focusing on community care, digital technologies, and prevention. For local and national clinical leaders the real challenge comes in how to achieve this. These three ‘shifts’ need to be delivered alongside improving care quality and reducing costs. For me, the key lies in using the rich data source that is clinical audit. By measuring the quality of care, it enables us to see what is working well, and what is not, against recognised standards. It identifies where change would have the greatest impact, driving the targeted use of resources. As such, clinical audit is a critical tool in delivering efficiencies that will lead to the most important measures, improving and saving lives.

If Wes Streeting called me and asked how to drive quality improvement when designing an NHS that is “Fit for the Future”, I would say start with national clinical audits”

National clinical audit – the primary example of which is the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme (NCAPOP) – goes from strength to strength. Commissioned by the Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP), on behalf of NHS England and others, the NCAPOP comprises circa 40 audits and outcome reviews. These cover a wide range of services including cancer, mental health, and maternity care. NCAPOP has been running for decades, and measures care in line with standards set by NICE. Its programmes are trusted by clinicians and patients alike, not least because they are co-developed with both clinicians and patients. The NCAPOP has developed a robust and reliable approach to data collection, analysis and reporting, with many delivering quarterly data online updates and annual ‘State of the Nation’ reports. These reports provide readily accessible summary infographics and a focused number of recommendations for improvement that are developed with clinical, patient and commissioner input.

There are many examples of excellent audits out there; as a former colorectal surgeon I have a particular interest in the National Bowel Cancer Audit (NBOCA). Initially established by the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI), this audit has a long-standing history of clinical engagement. It is now part of the National Cancer Audit Collaborating Centre (NATCAN) – a collaboration between the Royal College of Surgeons of England and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine – that covers ten different types of cancer, and is commissioned through the NCAPOP. The NBOCA focuses on surgical outcomes, non-surgical treatments, and new approaches to care such as genetic testing. The latter is significant as it aims to identify which patients are most likely to benefit from chemotherapy, and avoids the futile use of potentially toxic and costly treatment for patients with particular genetic profiles.

The NBOCA has reported improvements across a range of care and outcome measures over time, for example, 90-day postoperative mortality has almost halved over the past decade. There has also been a significant improvement in the two-year postoperative survival rate, resulting in approximately 1,150 additional people surviving two years after surgery¹ (2021/22 saw a 5-percentage-point increase compared with 2012/13). These statistics highlight advancements in treatment pathways and multidisciplinary patient care across the sector. They also reflect another important aspect of clinical audits. By making data publicly available, and actively working with the healthcare community to support peer review, they identify areas for improvement. Audits operate an ‘outlier process’ which identifies where indicators at a Trust level fall significantly outside the expected range². NHS England and the Care Quality Commission are notified of confirmed outliers, so that remedial actions can be taken. This is an extremely valuable process for Trusts, who often welcome the opportunity to understand where changes would have the greatest impact. One recent example is an NHS Trust that increased patient telephone follow-up on discharge to reduce unplanned emergency department attendances, following such a notification.

“Audit is not a tick-box exercise – it’s driving real improvements for patients,” Katrina Attwood, Chair of NBOCA Patient and Public Involvement Forum

Clinical audits also support initiatives to improve care pathways directly. For example, patients who have had rectal cancer surgery are recommended to have their ileostomy closed within 18 months of first surgery, and this is currently the case for only 62% of patients¹. As such, Close it Quick (a collaboration between NBOCA, the Royal College of Surgeons of England and the Association of Coloproctology) was launched to promote timely stoma closure, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk complications.

Another aspect of care where clinical audits are invaluable, is in shining a light on inequity. There are many examples where the data helps us to understand what is happening, so we have an opportunity to improve care for everyone. A highly reported example in recent years is maternity care. When looking at 2014-16 data, the MBRRACE-UK programme (part of the NCAPOP) found that women from Black ethnic backgrounds had five times the risk of maternal mortality, compared to white women. This finding emphasised the need for a continued focus on actions to address this disparity. By 2021-23, this statistic had reduced to around double. There’s still much work to be done, but, using data in this way provides clarity and shines a light on issues, leading to improvements like this.

“Clinical audit is a critical tool in delivering efficiencies that will lead to the most important measures, improving and saving lives”

So, what does all this mean for healthcare leaders, both providers and commissioners? Having been in a leadership role in the NHS for many years, I’m fully aware of the constant pressures to maintain and enhance quality of care while reducing avoidable costs. On a daily basis, you are having to ask ‘where should I allocate my resources to deliver maximum benefit to patients and the Trust?’. Clinical audits also provide assurance regarding clinical services through Quality Accounts, and in terms of performance against process and outcome metrics. Furthermore, they offer robust data that clinicians can include and reflect on in their annual appraisal.

If Wes Streeting called me tomorrow and asked my view on how to drive quality improvement when designing an NHS that is “Fit for the Future”, I would say ‘start with national clinical audits’. But, I would quickly follow that up with ‘don’t take my word for it, ask our patients’. Katrina Attwood, Chair of the NBOCA Patient and Public Involvement Forum, sums it perfectly, when she says: “I know first-hand how useful it is to have data. Audit is not a tick-box exercise – it’s driving real improvements for patients, and demystifying care, as well as shining a light on places where we need to do better.”

Notes:

1) Source: NBOCA State of the Nation report, published 9th Oct 2025

2) To 3 standard deviations

The right fit for patients

15 Oct 2025

How HQIP’s patient advocates are guiding national obesity care.

It’s estimated that one in four adults is currently living with obesity, a serious health condition that significantly increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and stroke. This comes at an enormous cost that far exceeds financial implications. Living with obesity can affect quality of life, and have wide-reaching implications relating to mental health, employment and many other issues. So it’s paramount that care is effective. To achieve that, it needs to be delivered in the right way – and that’s where HQIP’s patient advocates come in…

Meet Aurora. She is a young professional working in HR & Finance in London. Nothing too unusual about that, you might think. However, thanks to Aurora – and others like her – the NHS is able to tailor its obesity prevention programme (including the use of ‘weight loss injections’) so that it better meets the needs of patients. Then, it is more likely to be successful, leading to a healthier, happier nation.

“I believe that healthcare services are stronger and more effective when they are shaped by the people who use them”

HQIP is proud to play a pivotal role in this initiative. We have long-since run a Service User Network (SUN), who support HQIP-commissioned programmes by guiding and co-creating our work. By working in partnership, HQIP and our patient advocates have built a reputation for promoting the use of plain language and accessible processes. This is how we came to establish a specific Obesity User Panel in April 2022. HQIP is a long-term partner of NHS England, and we were initially approached by them to provide patient input into a dashboard they were putting together on obesity care, to make it accessible and inclusive.

The success of this initial interaction meant that the Panel was asked to provide feedback on other aspects of NHS obesity prevention work. For example, supporting the development of an accessible user guide, to support the use of the dashboard. At first the Panel comprised of 20 patients, but this grew to 30 by 2025, following a request from NHS England to increase the numbers – due to an escalation in interest about new treatments such as ‘obesity jabs’. It also meant that we were able to better represent the wider patient community, and have more diverse experience and cultural backgrounds included in decision making.

“It’s great to know that service design will better reflect patient priorities as a result”

Aurora explains why she became involved: “I joined the Panel, after seeing an advert from HQIP asking for people with lived experience of obesity healthcare services, in the Patient Association newsletter. I was immediately interested since, at the time, there was uncertainty as to which care pathway I should follow. I began weight management around three years ago, and my experience has not always been the easiest, which showed me how important it is for the patient perspective to be heard. Every patient journey is different. Some people seek help first via A&E, and some via their GP etc but, in my experience, many go ‘around the houses’ within the system to find the help they need. I have received both Level 2 and Level 3 treatments, and tried digital weight management programmes as well as injections. But I was finding that it was very time-consuming to piece together the different aspects of my care, such as obtaining results from different departments, and linking between both the primary and secondary care systems. In short, I wanted to get involved because I believe that healthcare services are stronger and more effective when they are shaped by the people who use them.”

“There is a genuine willingness from NHS England, to adjust their plans based on what we tell them”

What does your involvement look like in practice?

“We are involved in many different things. We might be asked to share our views on proposed approaches to implementing a new provision, or our experience about access to services, and we are often asked to provide feedback into patient resources and materials. Previously, we worked together with HQIP on a response to a NICE* consultation on obesity care; while more recently, we provided input into wrap-around care. HQIP held a focus group, attended by NHS England, to understand patients’ views on the wider aspects of care such as mental health and communications etc. More generally, we participate in online meetings and focus groups, and provide one-to-one feedback via surveys and by email. For me, I always try to make the most of being involved, by asking questions and identifying potential impacts for patients.”

What are the benefits, and challenges, of being involved?

“I genuinely feel that my view is taken into account. I simply couldn’t commit the time if I didn’t feel that my voice was being listened to. I have to juggle many things to be involved as, in addition to work, I also have caring responsibilities. It’s that important to me. There is a genuine willingness from NHS England, to adjust their plans based on what we tell them. For instance, we have said that there is a need to take into account individual and cultural differences, such as dietary habits and barriers to accessing services; and NHS England is listening to this important feedback. It’s great to know that service design will better reflect patient priorities as a result.

Also, the User Panel is a really collaborative experience, we are a community. Everyone values each other’s input. When I am together with people with similar experiences, I am able to learn from them. Their insights and perspective can – and have – helped me to better understand my own condition and care. For example, I can find out about the experience of someone who is accessing services in another part of the country.”

“The User Panel is a really collaborative experience, we are a community”

“However, there are some challenges, as there are with any activity like this. Time is restricted and effort needs to be made to make sure that all voices are heard, particularly if someone has a complex medical history. Then there’s the terminology – for some, not having a great health literacy can be a challenge. But HQIP takes our needs into consideration, and makes adjustments where possible. For example, they provide information in advance about deadlines and any preparation that is needed, and they have changed the way they communicate with the whole group.”

From HQIP’s point of view, we are grateful to patient partners like Aurora, who dedicate time and energy to share insights about their care and treatment. As she has stated here – and as outlined in key government strategies such as the 10 Year Health Plan for England – patient engagement is crucial for healthcare. We are starting to see strategies that are more culturally sensitive which support tailored health interventions for communities where, for example, there may be less awareness of healthy eating habits or lifestyle changes. One important recent change is that health conditions (rather than just BMI) should inform care, with adjustments made to BMI thresholds for certain ethnic groups based on increased health risks. There’s also an acknowledgement more generally that services, public health campaigns and outreach efforts need to be more localised and culturally relevant, and involve community leaders. Only by working closely with patients and communities, can we truly understand their priorities and concerns, and deliver services that meet all of our needs.

So, what’s next for Aurora? Her weight loss journey continues, albeit temporarily halted due to unrelated surgery. However, she continues to be an invaluable asset to HQIP’s Obesity User Panel. In fact, she has since been invited to join our Service User Network (SUN), providing insights and feedback to all of our work. But what are her hopes for the future? “We need to continue to engage patients in decisions made about care, and inform them about the impact of those decisions, taking into account both the medical and social factors that patients face. I would like to see more holistic care provided, where the different services are joined up. And I would like to see everything explained clearly, in an accessible way. However, I am proud to be part of a process that will, in my opinion, lead to these changes being made. As such, I look forward to a future where obesity – indeed, all – care is realistic, compassionate and personalised.”

Further information

How HQIP engages patients
More about HQIP patient engagement and obesity
More about HQIP’s Service User Network (SUN)
NHS England obesity dashboard and guidance for the public
Article – The Power of Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) in Healthcare Improvement
Article – Patient voice in clinical audit – A powerful partnership improving asthma and COPD care
Interview – My Data, My Health: Find out what patients think about the value of data in healthcare improvement
Videos/podcasts – Real stories of Patient and Public Involvement:
- Patient advocacy in healthcare
- Shared decision-making in healthcare
Further resources on Patient and Public Involvement (PPI)

*National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)

Using data to maximise resources

4 Oct 2025

How National Clinical Audit Supports System Level Priorities.

Healthcare data highlights the changes that will have the greatest impact on services and patient outcomes. It is critical in ‘lighting the way’ for system leaders, to understand where to target resources to deliver improvements, particularly in these changing times when pressures have never been greater. HQIP’s CEO, Chris Gush, explains how national clinical audit helps Integrated Care Systems (ICSs) and other healthcare leaders to maximise resources and deliver their priorities.

Integrated Care Systems (ICSs) – through their Integrated Care Boards (ICBs) – were established to improve population health, enhancing productivity and value, and supporting broader social improvements such as reducing health inequalities. In other words, support the NHS to pursue ambitious goals for better care.

As we all now know, the NHS in England is changing. However, the aspiration to deliver improved care and outcomes for patients remains. If anything, it is now more important than ever. NHS England’s functions are being absorbed into the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC), and ICBs have been tasked with drastically cutting both their management costs and workforce. Leaders acknowledge the need to eliminate duplication and stabilise finances, but there is widespread concern that such steep cuts “will inevitably make the task of delivering long term transformation of the NHS much harder”, to quote Matthew Taylor, Chief Executive of NHS Confederation.

The aspiration to deliver improved care and outcomes for patients…is now more important than ever

Harder it may be, but data makes it feasible. The NHS has invested for decades in national clinical audits and registries that systematically track the quality of care across a broad range of services. These programs (encompassing dozens of medical, surgical, and mental health conditions) generate a wealth of information that is already collected and ready to use. In light of the current push to reduce costs – leaving far fewer hands available for analysing data – they are, in fact, an invaluable resource in the drive for transformation.

That’s where the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme (NCAPOP), the largest programme of its kind in the UK, plays a vital role. Commissioned by HQIP, it generates trusted, clinically validated data across the NHS. National audit data are robust and published openly, and so inform clinical guidelines, regulatory oversight, and commissioning decisions. In other words, the comparative insights from audits are a built-in evidence base for what is working well and what isn’t. Over the years, such high-quality comparative data have proven to be a stimulus for real and meaningful improvement in patient care, driving changes in practice that have saved and improved lives.

In an era of tightening resources, data becomes a force-multiplier: turning raw numbers into actionable insights

Crucially, tapping into this data doesn’t require additional local manpower to gather new information; it leverages existing intelligence to guide action. For NHS leadership, whether in an ICB boardroom, a DHSC office, or a hospital executive team, the importance of maximising this existing data asset cannot be overstated. In an era of tightening resources, data becomes a force-multiplier: turning raw numbers into actionable insights is one way to effectively “add” capacity without adding staff. National clinical audits and registries, in particular, offer an arsenal of knowledge to support system-wide learning, service transformation, and quality improvement. By making national clinical audit and registry data central to their strategy, system leaders can continue to deliver improvements despite limited capacity. Used to its fullest potential, this data can help health systems to:

Pinpoint unwarranted variation – identifying differences in outcomes or care quality across an ICS, so leaders know where to focus attention (for example, spotlighting a service or population group that is falling behind the national benchmarks).
Highlight best practices – revealing which Trust or locality is excelling in a particular domain, so that successful approaches can be shared and scaled up across other parts of the system.
Inform strategic planning and investment – providing hard evidence of needs and what works, thereby guiding ICBs in prioritising initiatives (and making the case to allocate resources where they will have the greatest impact on quality and equity).
Track improvement over time – enabling leaders to measure the results of interventions and service changes through objective outcomes data, ensuring accountability and learning as the system evolves.

By harnessing this wealth of information, ICS and ICB leaders can exercise informed system leadership, targeting interventions that make a difference even when manpower and money are limited. It means that despite the challenges of reorganisation and austerity, the NHS can continue to innovate and improve care, using evidence as its guide and data as a catalyst for delivering on ICS and ICB priorities. So, in specific terms, how can HQIP’s NCAPOP data be harnessed to support key ICB and ICS priorities?

1. Driving Quality Improvement Across Systems

One of the core responsibilities of ICBs is to coordinate quality improvement at scale. National audits provide a powerful platform for this.

Take the Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP) its ICB-level performance dashboards offer system leaders a bird’s-eye view of stroke care across all local providers. Armed with this insight, ICBs can convene collaborative improvement efforts, target underperforming areas, and share current best practice across Trusts.

Similarly, CVDPREVENT, which focuses on cardiovascular disease prevention, enables comparison of risk factor management and treatment coverage across general practices, primary care networks, and places. This supports system-level interventions that improve outcomes not just in one GP practice, but across entire localities.

By aligning providers around shared outcomes and a single evidence base, audit data gives ICS leaders the foundation to drive real, sustained improvement across complex care pathways.

2. Tackling Health Inequalities with Data That Shows Where to Act

Reducing health inequalities is at the heart of the ICS mission – and national audit data offers a uniquely valuable lens into where disparities exist.

Audit reports often reveal variation in access to services, quality of care, or outcomes across demographic groups, local geographies or levels of deprivation. This kind of data is essential for identifying where action is needed, whether that’s improving rehabilitation access in underserved communities or addressing differential outcomes in chronic disease management.

By offering granular, real-world data, NCAPOP audits enable ICBs to monitor inequalities at population level, target resources, and track the impact of interventions over time. This directly supports the Core20PLUS5 framework and other system-level health equity initiatives.

3. Strengthening Oversight and Assurance

ICBs are responsible for the performance and safety of the services they commission. National clinical audits bring credibility and transparency to these oversight functions.

Audits such as the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA) and SSNAP provide comparative, risk-adjusted outcome data and benchmarking tools. These can be used in quality committees, system performance meetings, and provider assurance frameworks.

Recent NELA reports, however, highlight a plateau in some key care standards and outcomes, including 30-day mortality and time to theatre, reinforcing the need for renewed focus on improving emergency surgical pathways.

In particular, audit outlier alerts, generated when providers consistently underperform against national standards, offer early warnings and opportunities for supportive intervention. They also provide a consistent framework for celebrating excellence, understanding variation, and driving accountability in a constructive, evidence-based way.

4. Informing Outcomes-Based Commissioning

As the NHS shifts towards outcomes-based commissioning, ICBs need reliable measures to define what good looks like and to track whether services are delivering meaningful results for patients.

National clinical audits provide exactly that. For example, the National Diabetes Audit (NDA) publishes ICB-level data on key care processes and outcomes, from HbA1c control to diabetic foot complications. This allows ICBs to build commissioning strategies that incentivise better outcomes, not just activity.

Audit findings can also be incorporated into service specifications, evaluation frameworks, or population health investment decisions, enabling leaders to commission with confidence, based on what actually works.

5. Enhancing Population Health Intelligence

Integrated care systems are expected to understand and improve the health of their populations, and this requires rich, longitudinal data.

Audit programmes like CVDPREVENT contribute to this intelligence by aggregating data across primary and secondary care, enabling systems to see where the biggest risks, gaps and opportunities lie in long-term condition management.

Whether it’s identifying communities with uncontrolled hypertension, mapping variation in cancer staging, or planning dialysis services using renal audit data, NCAPOP programmes help give ICSs a 360-degree view of their population’s health needs and outcomes. When combined with demographic and social data, this becomes a powerful platform for prevention, pathway redesign, and place-based planning.

6. Supporting Service Transformation with Evidence

Transforming services at system level, whether centralising specialist care, introducing new models, or improving access, requires a solid evidence base.

National audits provide that evidence. They often identify where current practices are falling short, highlight what ‘good’ looks like, and make the case for change. For instance, audit data may demonstrate that survival rates improve when services are consolidated, or that certain interventions need to be delivered earlier in the pathway.

Audit evidence has been used to inform service redesign across stroke, vascular surgery, mental health and more, helping ICSs design pathways that are safer, more effective, and more equitable.

Turning data into improvement

The availability of data is just one part of the solution to delivering these priorities. At HQIP, we understand that integrated care leaders need more than data; they need insights that are timely, relevant, and aligned to their priorities. That is why we are working in partnership with those involved in system-level improvement to:

Publish more ICB- and place-level breakdowns
Support access to audit data for population health analytics
Make our outputs easy to interpret and apply in commissioning and transformation planning
Listen to system leaders about which topics matter most.

In this way, we are ensuring that national programmes serve local, regional and system needs, and the resultant insights support the decisions you are making every day to improve care.

How to get started – help is at hand

Whether you are designing a transformation programme, refreshing your ICS five-year plan, or seeking assurance on provider performance – HQIP and the NCAPOP can support you. Explore how our national clinical audits and wider quality improvement resources can support your system goals. Connect with us to ensure future programmes meet your evolving needs, and support long-term transformation and equity in healthcare. Together, we can turn data into insights; insights into action; and action into better care for the patients we serve.

More information:

For access to HQIP-commissioned, national clinical audits, reports and data: hqip.org.uk
For information about HQIP’s services to support evidence-informed quality improvement: hqip.org.uk/services

HQIP-Commissioned Audit Sees 72.8% Increase in School Healthcare Plans for Young People with Epilepsy

17 Sep 2025

The proportion of children and young people with epilepsy who have a school Individual Healthcare Plan (IHCP) within the first year of care has jumped 72.8%, from 38.9% in the 2024 annual report to 67.2% in the latest Epilepsy12 audit 2025 report. This marked increase, after previously being broadly static for several years, highlights a major step forward in ensuring that children with epilepsy receive the support they need in school.

Epilepsy12, the national clinical audit of seizures and epilepsies in children and young people, is commissioned by HQIP as part of the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme (NCAPOP) and has tracked paediatric epilepsy care since 2009 across England and Wales. Delivered by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), the audit provides essential data to benchmark services against national standards, and drive improvements and reduce variation in care.

A key factor behind the increased proportion of children and young people with IHCPs has been the direct involvement of children, young people and families themselves. The Epilepsy12 Youth Advocates group, who are epilepsy experienced or interested young people and families volunteering to improve care for patients, has been instrumental in shaping what is measured, helping to define Epilepsy 12’s key performance indicators and highlighting the issues and potential solutions.

This brings patient-led priorities to the audit, ensuring that topics such as school care plans and the mental health of children and young people with epilepsies are central, alongside more traditional healthcare metrics. This shift in focus, and the resulting improvements at scale, is a major success for the young people driving and benefitting from the improvements.

The Importance of School Healthcare Plans

IHCPs have been a key focus for the Youth Advocates (YAs) and other stakeholders over the last few years. The YAs have consistently emphasised that a good, individualised plan in school can be transformative, especially in the first year after diagnosis. Having an IHCP is key to ensuring that children and young people with epilepsy receive appropriate support, safety, and full participation in education and school life. They are vital for epilepsy, as what is right for one child can be completely different from what is right for another.

The YAs emphasised the importance of IHCPs and how they can support not only the young person, but also their family, teachers and friends to feel more confident about epilepsy. They also advocated for a comprehensive epilepsy IHCP template for schools that included crucial information, including seizure details, aspirations, and mental health, but was also easy to use. An example template was developed and is available online.

“I was diagnosed with epilepsy in 2018. My parents and I met with the School Nurse and Headmaster to create a plan. Teachers were informed and updates were made as needed. It was a learning curve for everyone. The plan allowed me to attend day trips, complete two Duke of Edinburgh’s expeditions, and go on a 7-night trip to America. Without this support, travelling would have been much more difficult.” A young person with epilepsy

Looking forward: Opportunities for further improvements

Given that having an IHCP is a statutory requirement for a young person with epilepsy, Epilepsy12 is aiming for 100% adoption and identifying easier ways to enable the sharing of key information between families, health and education. As well as continuing to build upon existing successful work to improve this KPI, encouraging further data entry and service participation will also be important. There have been significant increases in the total cohort size of health service providers submitting data to the audit and of data completeness this year, something which is extremely important when drawing conclusions from the audit data; particularly trends over time and variation between subgroups.

150 NHS Health Boards and Trusts providing paediatric epilepsy care in England and Wales were registered into the Epilepsy12 audit in 2025, via a bespoke data platform launched in December 2023. This is an increase from the 138 Health Boards and Trusts registered to the platform used previously. Of the Health Boards and Trusts registered, 80% (120/150) submitted data in this latest round of reporting (cohort 6, covering children and young people with a first paediatric assessment undertaken between 1 December 2022 and 30 November 2023).

The cohort size also increased considerably, with 3,105 young people with newly-diagnosed epilepsy included in the 2025 analysis. This compares to the previous five cohorts, which all had around 2,000 young people. Furthermore, data completeness has improved from 86% in cohort 5 (2024 report) to 98.5% in cohort 6 (2025 report).

The increased cohort size and improved data completeness may be a reflection of the streamlined data entry process on the new Epilepsy12 data platform. Find out more about this and other highlights, including epilepsy specialist nurse provision improvements, in the 2025 Epilepsy12 report.

Going forward, as well as striving to further improve data entry and service participation, the focus of the audit will continue to be reviewed. Indeed, Epilepsy12 has often seen the ambition for a particular KPI advance over time, building upon initial progress by resetting aspirations and targets. This means that the current KPI focused upon young people with epilepsy having a school care plan may well evolve – for example to having a ‘comprehensive’ IHCP and then an ‘impactful’ plan.

Epilepsy12’s latest findings underscore the importance not only of robust data, but also the power of involving children and young people in shaping the care that directly impacts their lives. By embedding patient and family at the heart of its work, it has demonstrated how genuine collaboration and co-production can deliver real-world change.

These noteworthy improvements in paediatric epilepsy care reflect not only robust national audit and patient-led advocacy, but also the ongoing commitment of key stakeholders. Initiatives such as the NHS England Epilepsy Oversight Group, including the publication of the national bundle of care for children and young people with epilepsy, and targeted programmes like the Epilepsy Quality Improvement Programme (EQIP) have driven up performance and consistency.

Furthermore, the collaborative efforts of key stakeholder groups, including Young Epilepsy, Epilepsy Action and others, ensure that the needs of children, young people, and families remain central, embedding best practice and delivering meaningful change.

Having an effective individual school healthcare plan is a vital step towards safer, equitable and empowering support for young people with an epilepsy. Seeing such a dramatic improvement in schools shows what is possible when professionals, families and young people work together at many different levels.” Dr Colin Dunkley, Clinical Lead for Epilepsy12

Further information and resources

Epilepsy12 2025 report
Interview with Epilepsy12 on what effective patient engagement means in practice
More about the Epilepsy12 audit, with previous reports
A guide to patient and public involvement in quality improvement
E-learning: Introduction to quality improvement for patients and public
Epilepsy12 Audit case study – how patients and carers influence the production of patient-focused outputs from the programme

We must build on NHS data for 10 year vision to succeed

15 Aug 2025

HQIP’s Chair and former NHS England deputy Medical Director, Dame Celia Ingham Clark features in Healthcare Leader this month, sharing why we should let data light the way in healthcare reform…

“With the release of both the 10 Year Plan and the Patient Safety Review within days of each other, I – like everyone else in healthcare – have been absorbed in understanding what they mean, for providers and patients alike. While my initial response is one of cautious optimism, my overriding thought is that we must be guided by data. Or, as NHS England Chair Dr Penny Dash, author of the Patient Safety Review, said in The Sunday Times, prior to its release ‘we collect more data on quality of care than any other country….let’s use it’.

The importance of data is stressed throughout both these documents. In fact, there are some really interesting ideas in the ‘10 Year Plan’ in particular, not least of which is a focus on evidence-based quality and prevention. A strategy that is designed to keep people healthy, and reduce the chances of them needing admission to hospital, is really important. However, we now need more detail about delivery. The Plan is a blueprint, not a roadmap. What is clear to me though, is that the data we already have must be our starting point.

I can envisage getting to a position where we have neighbourhood-level electronic health records, from which data feeds seamlessly into national clinical audits and similar programmes. It is then analysed, and interpreted with appropriate specialist input, and sent back to the neighbourhood system to inform the care delivered. Under such a system, patients will be able to see and understand – in collaboration with clinicians – what will deliver the best outcome for them.

Indeed, it’s obvious from the recent strategies that outcome measures are going to be of utmost importance going forward (not that they weren’t already, but I’m seeing a renewed focus in the 10 Year Plan). This is a key area where we need to look to what we already have. The national clinical audit programme (or NCAPOP^*) generates data spanning decades on a wide range of conditions from asthma to vascular care, supporting improved care and outcomes. One of many examples of this is the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA), whose data led to a significant reduction in mortality within a few years for patients having major abdominal surgery. Managed by HQIP on behalf of the NHS, this programme is evidence-based, clinically validated, and supports quality improvement through data-informed, actionable recommendations. Importantly, the data is also publicly available. Which brings me to two other important themes where I agree with the Plan; transparency and patient engagement.

In my eight years as a Trust CMO, I worked hard to ensure that patients were well-informed. I am a strong advocate of shared decision-making. These days, you can obtain information about some conditions, treatment options and even your clinician – but it’s not widespread. The National Joint Registry (NJR) is a great example where this data is available. We need to make it possible for patients to obtain this level of information about other specialties too – and this came across loud and clear in the 10 Year Plan. However, I would caution that we need to ensure that this data is available to everyone. The mooted neighbourhood and data systems need to pay particular attention to underserved communities, if we are to address healthcare inequities, something which is a major issue in the UK at the moment. Here again, we don’t need to start from scratch. For example, PICANet data recently showed that children from ethnic minority backgrounds and those living in areas with higher levels of poverty are more likely to die in intensive care. Audits from the national clinical audit programme have long-since shone a light on issues like this. Previously, for example, exposing the fact that black women were five times more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than white women (MBRRACE). This enabled care providers to focus on addressing that shocking statistic, and now we are starting to see that number reduce.

While I strongly advocate that clinicians engage with the data available to achieve change, they cannot do it alone. Policy makers need to streamline processes so that data can flow directly from the clinical record into a national system, whereby it can be analysed and produce results that are of value at both local and national levels. The “revamped, revitalised and reinforced” National Quality Board (NQB) has an opportunity to do just this. Its mooted leads, Professor Sir Mike Richards and Dr Penny Dash, are both experts in recognising the importance of data to drive quality improvement, but their challenge will be to work with organisations like HQIP to focus on the measures that will make a difference to patient outcomes. That means more real-time reporting, which we saw being accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic (for example, with the National Child Mortality Database (NCMD), shared real-time data to inform paediatric care at that time). There are many other national audits that now follow this example, such as the National Cancer Audit Collaborating Centre (NATCAN), which shares quarterly data via an online dashboard.

Looking forward, this vision of a data-informed healthcare system should be supported by technologies such as AI. It could, for example, play an increasing role in data analysis which would, in turn, speed up sharing findings and recommendations. This is echoed in the 10 Year Plan. And, no less than the ‘Godfather of AI’, Geoffrey Hinton, agrees. At a public lecture at the University of Bristol on 2 June 2025, he was asked where he thought AI would deliver the greatest benefit. Without hesitation, he answered ‘healthcare’.”

*The National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme (NCAPOP) is the largest programme of its kind in the UK; it is commissioned by HQIP on behalf of NHS England. It includes 44 national clinical audits and outcome review programmes, including the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA), PICANet, MBRRACE, the National Child Mortality Database (NCMD), and the National Cancer Audit Collaborating Centre (NATCAN)

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